Sub-stratum is made up of small lumps of broken rocks (or stones) formed by the partial weathering of bed-rock (or parent rock).īelow the C-horizon we have unweathered solid rock called bed-rock (or parent rock).It is this bed-rock (or parent rock) which has produced the soil over a long period of time.
The layer of soil which is just below the sub-soil is called C-horizon. Due to this, sub-soil is much less fertile as compared to the top-soil. The sub-soil has very little humus (decayed organic matter). The roots of some of the trees are, however, able to reach sub-soil. The sub-soil contains very little living organisms. Sub-soil is also lighter in colour than the top-soil. It is somewhat harder and more compact than the top-soil. The sub-soil is made up of slightly bigger rock particles than that of top-soil. The layer of soil which is just below the top-soil is called B-horizon. Top-soil is the most useful part of the soil.
The top-soil is rich in minerals which the plants need for growth. The top-soil is soft and porous, and can hold more of water. This humus makes the top-soil very fertile. In other words, top-soil contains a lot of humus. Top-soil contains a lot of decayed dead plants and animal remains. The top-soil contains many living things. This is because top-soil is rich in minerals and humus. The top layer of soil is called A-horizon. The three lavers of soil in the soil profile are:ģ)C-horizon (or Sub-stratum) A-Horizon (or Top-Soil) HorizonĮach layer of soil is called a horizon. Soil ProfileĪ vertical section (or cutting) through the soil showing the different layers of soil is called soil profile. Soil profile consists of three different layers of soil. The nature of any soil depends on the rocks from which it has been formed and the type of vegetation that grows in it. These tiny rock particles then mix up with humus to form fertile soil. In weathering, rocks are broken down very slowly by the action of sun’s heat, wind, rain, flowing river water, etc. Soil is formed from rocks by the process of weathering. Humus contains nutrients (like nitrogen and phosphorus, etc,) which are needed by the plants for their growth. The organic matter formed by the decomposition of dead plants and animals by the micro-organisms (like certain bacteria and fungi) is called humus. The process by which huge rocks are broken down into small particles by the action of sun’s heat, wind, rain and flowing river water, etc. (5) Soil is used to make earthenware or pottery (such as matkas, surahis, etc.), crockery (cups and plates), toys and statues, etc. (4) Soil is used to make bricks and mortar for building houses. Soil is also used to grow mulberry trees for rearing silkworms which provide us silk for making silk clothes. (3) Soil is used to grow cotton plants which give us cotton clothes. (2) Soil is used to grow trees for obtaining wood for building purposes (timber), for burning as fuel (firewood) and for making paper.
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